Avaliação da eficácia do sistema rigeneracon no tratamento de lesões de calvária em ratos / [Evaluation of the efficacy of the rigeneracon system in the treatment of calvary injuries in rats]

Defeitos ósseos constituem um problema de saúde global. O sistema Rigenera permite a extração de microenxertos ricos em células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs). Objetivou-se avaliar o processo de regeneração óssea por enxertos obtidos pelo sistema Rigenera em defeitos críticos na calvária de ratos. Foram utilizados 18 ratos Wistar, machos, pesando 285±29g, distribuídos em três grupos (n=6), sendo cada animal controle de si mesmo, denominados G15-Controle e G15-Tratado (15 dias); G30-Controle e G30-Tratado (30 dias) e G60-Controle e G60-Tratado (60 dias). Foram realizadas duas lesões de 5mm de diâmetro em cada antímero da calvária. Nos grupos tratados, foram utilizados microenxertos autólogos de cartilagem xifoide, obtidos pelo sistema Rigenera. O defeito contralateral serviu como controle em todos os animais. Os animais foram eutanasiados aos 15, 30 e 60 dias após a cirurgia, e as amostras foram processadas para a histoquímica. Nos grupos controle, não foram observados sinais de regeneração óssea, enquanto nos grupos tratamento foram verificadas áreas de formação óssea e tecido mesenquimal ativado. O sistema Rigenera foi eficiente na obtenção de microenxertos autólogos, para terapia celular em defeito crítico de calvária de ratos. Com o aprimoramento do protocolo, o sistema Rigenera poderá ser amplamente utilizado no tratamento de lesões ósseas.(AU)

Bone defects are a global health problem. The Rigenera system allows the extraction of micro grafts rich in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the bone regeneration process by grafts obtained by the Rigenera system in defects in the rats calvarian. Eighteen male Wistar rats were used, weighing 285 ± 29g, distributed in three groups (n = 6), where each animal was treatment and control, called G15-Control and G15-Treated (15 days); G30-Control and G30-Treated (30 days) and G60-Control and G60-Treated (60 days). Two 5mm diameter lesions were performed on each calvaria side. In the treated groups, autologous micrograft from xiphoid cartilage, obtained by the Rigenera system, were used. The other defect served as a control in all animals. The animals were euthanized at 15, 30 and 60 days after the surgery and the samples were processed for histochemistry. In the control groups, no signs of bone regeneration were observed, while in the treatment groups, areas of bone formation and activated mesenchymal tissue were verified. The Rigenera system was efficient in obtaining autologous micrograft for cell therapy in a critical calvaria defect in rats. Rigenera system can be widely used in the treatment of bone injuries.(AU)

Exposición compleja de placa craneal / Complex exposure of cranial plate

Es recomendable que los pacientes con antecedentes de trauma craneal moderado o grave, con pérdida de fragmentos de calota, que deben reparar con posterior craneoplastia, la realicen luego de 3 a 6 meses, reduciendo el riesgo de infección y de hipertensión endocraneana. Los materiales a utilizar son diversos; y para evitar la reapertura es fundamental un cierre sin tensión, en dos planos y sin tejido desvitalizado. Las infecciones son raras; son más frecuentes cuando la craneopatía se realizó dentro del 1er año del trauma. Otra complicación es la úlcera crónica, de manejo muy complejo. Material y métodos. Paciente de 58 años, sufrió un traumatismo encefalocraneano con pérdida de conocimiento en el año 2011, por accidente de tránsito; craneoplastia realizada a 8 meses del trauma, posterior ulceración sobre líneas de incisión en dos oportunidades, reparado en ambas con colgajos locales, conservando la placa craneal. La paciente consultó presentando nueva ulceración parietal izquierda y adelgazamiento del cuero cabelludo y translucencia del material frontoparietal izquierdos; sin infección local; y múltiples cicatrices remanentes. Se retiró la placa craneal, y a dos años se realizó expansión con insuflados lentos controlados con la signosintomatología que presentaba la paciente. Al 3er mes se recolocó nueva placa de titanio y cobertura con colgajos del cuero cabelludo. Discusión. La expansión tisular del cuero cabelludo es un método simple, con baja frecuencia de complicaciones si la técnica es delicada y atendemos la signosintomatología del paciente. Conclusión. El trabajo conjunto multidisciplinario, es la piedra angular para obtener resultados óptimos en la reconstrucción de lesiones complejas.

Patients with a history of moderate or severe skull trauma, with loss of shell fragments, which must be repaired with subsequent cranioplasty, it is recommended to perform it after 3 to 6 months, reducing the risk of infection and endocranial hypertension. The materials to use are diverse; and to avoid reopening, a tension-free closure is essential, in two planes and without devitalized tissue. Infections are rare, being more frequent when the craniopathy took place within 1 year of the trauma. Another complication is the chronic ulcer, very complex to handle. Material and methods. Fifty eight year-old patient, suffered a traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness in 2011, due to a traffic accident; craneoplasty performed 8 months after trauma, subsequent ulceration on incision lines on two occasions, both repaired with local flaps, preserving the cranial plate. The patient consulted presenting a new left parietal ulceration, and thinning of the scalp and translucency of the left fronto-parietal material; no local infection; and multiple remaining scars. The cranial plate was removed, and two years later, expansion was performed with slow insufflants controlled with the patient's symptom sign. At the 3rd month, a new titanium plate was replaced and covered with flaps of the scalp. Discussion. Tissue expansion of the scalp is a simple method, with little frequency of complications if the technique is delicate, and we attend to the patient's sign-symptomatology. Conclusion. Multidisciplinary joint work is the cornerstone for obtaining optimal results in the reconstruction of complex injuries.

Reconstrução de calota craniana com prótese customizada de PMMA após craniectomias descompressivas / Skull reconstruction with PMMA customized prostheses after decompressive craniectomies

Introdução: A craniectomia descompressiva é uma cirurgia indicada no tratamento da hipertensão intracraniana em situações graves de traumas cranioencefálicos. Esta cirurgia confere uma aparência bizarra ao paciente, como se "parte da cabeça" houvesse sido retirada. Após a regressão do edema cerebral e quando o paciente reunir boas condições clínicas, a reconstrução craniana está indicada. A reconstrução da calota craniana poderá ser realizada com osso autólogo ou com materiais aloplásticos. Este estudo objetiva apresentar a experiência do autor com reconstruções de calota craniana utilizando próteses customizadas de PMMA. Métodos: Foram selecionados 14 pacientes submetidos à craniectomia descompressiva que, após serem liberados clinicamente pela Neurocirurgia, realizaram a reconstrução da calota craniana com próteses de PMMA customizadas por prototipagem entre os anos de 2014 e 2015 e com, no mínimo, 6 meses de pós-operatório. Sinais e sintomas de síndrome do Trefinado, tomografia computadorizada e aparência estética dos pacientes foram analisadas no pré e no 6º mês pós-operatório. Resultados: Todos os pacientes apresentaram melhora sintomatológica, melhora estética e expansão cerebral após a cirurgia. Conclusão: A reconstrução da calota craniana com prótese customizada de PMMA promoveu a melhora dos sinais e sintomas e da aparência estética de todos os 14 pacientes operados. A utilização de protótipos para customizar próteses cranianas facilitou a técnica operatória e possibilitou a recuperação de um contorno craniano muito próximo da normalidade.

Introduction: Decompressive craniectomy is indicated for the treatment of intracranial hypertension in cases of serious traumatic brain injury. This surgery results in a bizarre appearance, as if "part of the head" had been. After regression of cerebral edema and when the patient is in good clinical condition, the reconstruction of the skull is indicated. Reconstruction of the skull can be performed with autologous bone or with alloplastic materials. This study sought to present the experience of the author with skull reconstructions using custom PMMA prostheses. Methods: In between 2014 and 2015, fourteen patients with previous (longer than 6 months) decompressive craniectomies were selected after Neurosurgery medical clearance and underwent skull reconstruction with customized PMMA prototyped prostheses. Signs and symptoms of syndrome of the trephined, computed tomography, and aesthetic appearance of the patients were analyzed preoperatively and at 6 months after reconstruction. Results: All patients presented with improved symptomatology, aesthetic improvement and expansion of the brain after surgery. Conclusion: Reconstruction of the skull with customized prototyped PMMA prostheses improved the signs and symptoms and the aesthetic appearance in all 14 patients of this series. The use of prototypes to customize cranial prostheses facilitates the operative technique and enables patients to develop a nearly normal cranial contour.

Pediatric minor head trauma: do cranial CT scans change the therapeutic approach?

OBJECTIVES: 1) To verify clinical signs correlated with appropriate cranial computed tomography scan indications and changes in the therapeutic approach in pediatric minor head trauma scenarios. 2) To estimate the radiation exposure of computed tomography scans with low dose protocols in the context of trauma and the additional associated risk. METHODS: Investigators reviewed the medical records of all children with minor head trauma, which was defined as a Glasgow coma scale ≥13 at the time of admission to the emergency room, who underwent computed tomography scans during the years of 2013 and 2014. A change in the therapeutic approach was defined as a neurosurgical intervention performed within 30 days, hospitalization, >12 hours of observation, or neuro-specialist evaluation. RESULTS: Of the 1006 children evaluated, 101 showed some abnormality on head computed tomography scans, including 49 who were hospitalized, 16 who remained under observation and 36 who were dismissed. No patient underwent neurosurgery. No statistically significant relationship was observed between patient age, time between trauma and admission, or signs/symptoms related to trauma and abnormal imaging results. A statistically significant relationship between abnormal image results and a fall higher than 1.0 meter was observed (p=0.044). The mean effective dose was 2.0 mSv (0.1 to 6.8 mSv), corresponding to an estimated additional cancer risk of 0.05%. CONCLUSION: A computed tomography scan after minor head injury in pediatric patients did not show clinically relevant abnormalities that could lead to neurosurgical indications. Patients who fell more than 1.0 m were more likely to have changes in imaging tests, although these changes did not require neurosurgical intervention; therefore, the use of computed tomography scans may be questioned in this group. The results support the trend of more careful indications for cranial computed tomography scans for children with minor head trauma.

Miasis accipito-temporal / Occipital -temporal myasis / Miíase occcipito-temporal

La miasis es originada por larvas inoculadas en tejidos por moscas, las cuales pueden causar destrucción tisular y complicaciones a nivel ocular, orbital, oral y en meninges. Se han descripto casos de miasis en múltiples tejidos, sin embargo, no se ha descrito asociación a nivel de la región occipito-temporal. Se presenta un caso de paciente procedente de zona urbana de Buenos Aires con viaje a una región endémica en el norte argentino, el cual desarrolló miasis occipito-temporal.

Myasis is originated by inoculated larvae given for botflies, they can cause damage of tissues and complications related on eyes, orbital región , mouth and meninges. There are some myasis cases descripted on several tissues, however , there is no association to occipital temporal región. A case report of a patient from urban zone of Buenos Aires with recent travel to endemic region on the Argentinian North side, who developed occipital – temporal myasis is descripted.

A miíase se origina por larvas inoculadas por moscas em tecidos que podem causar destruição tissular e complicações a nível ocular, orbital, oral e nas meninges. Foram descritos casos de miíase em múltiplos tecidos, no entanto, não se descreveu uma associação em termos da região occcipito-temporal. Apresenta-se um caso de paciente procedente de zona urbana de Buenos Aires com viagem à uma região endêmica no norte argentino que desenvolveu miíase occcipito-temporal.

Traumatismo nasal con arpón de pesca / Nasal trauma caused by fishing harpoon

Paciente masculino de 60 años de edad con trauma nasal accidental, producido por un arpón de pesca que penetra a través de la fosa nasal izquierda. Este fue atendido de urgencia y se le removió el arpón mediante una rinoscopia anterior. El paciente evolucionó de forma satisfactoria y no hubo afectación de gravedad ni secuelas. Los traumatismos en el macizo facial y craneoencefálico, producidos por armas diferentes a las de fuego, son poco frecuentes. El tipo de lesión presentada es algo excepcional y no existen informes similares en la literatura.

A sixty-year old male patient, who suffered nasal trauma caused by a fishing harpoon that penetrated his left nasal cavity. He was immediately assisted to remove the hapoon by performing anterior rhinoscopy. He recovered satisfactorily and there were no side effects or sequelae. The facial and cranioencephalic traumas caused by weapons different from firearms are rare. The type of lesion presented in this article is unique and there is no similar reports found in literature.

Características de los pacientes traumatizados que ingresan a la UCI de un hospital general en Chile / Characteristics of trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a general hospital in Chile

Background: Trauma is an important cause of death among young adults. Aim: To determine the characteristics, treatments and evolution of trauma patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) of a public hospital in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: All polytrauma (PT) and severely traumatized (ST) patients admitted to ICU were included. We recorded the type of trauma along with demographic and hemodynamic variables, treatments and complications. The evolution and treatments received by PT and ST patients were compared. Results: We recorded data from 72 patients aged 43 ± 21 years (93% males). Sixty two percent were PT and 24% had penetrating injuries. TBI (Trauma Brain Injury) was the most common trauma. On admission, acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score was 18.7 + 7.3, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 32.8 + 20.1. ICU stay was 7.8 + 6 days. Sixty seven per cent of patients required surgery and 58% received blood transfusions. No differences were found between PT and ST. ICU and hospital mortality rates were 15 and 25% respectively. Conclusions: The characteristics and evolution of PT and ST of this series of patients are similar to those described abroad. Mortality was in agreement with ISS and APACHE II scores.

Acute effects of physiotherapeutic respiratory maneuvers in critically ill patients with craniocerebral trauma

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of physiotherapeutic respiratory maneuvers on cerebral and cardiovascular hemodynamics and blood gas variables. METHOD: A descriptive, longitudinal, prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial that included 20 critical patients with severe craniocerebral trauma who were receiving mechanical ventilation and who were admitted to the intensive care unit. Each patient was subjected to the physiotherapeutic maneuvers of vibrocompression and increased manual expiratory flow (5 minutes on each hemithorax), along with subsequent airway suctioning with prior instillation of saline solution, hyperinflation and hyperoxygenation. Variables related to cardiovascular and cerebral hemodynamics and blood gas variables were recorded after each vibrocompression, increased manual expiratory flow and airway suctioning maneuver and 10 minutes after the end of airway suctioning. RESULTS: The hemodynamic and blood gas variables were maintained during vibrocompression and increased manual expiratory flow maneuvers; however, there were increases in mean arterial pressure, intracranial pressure, heart rate, pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary capillary pressure during airway suctioning. All of the values returned to baseline 10 minutes after the end of airway suctioning. CONCLUSION: Respiratory physiotherapy can be safely performed on patients with severe craniocerebral trauma. Additional caution must be taken when performing airway suctioning because this technique alters cerebral and cardiovascular hemodynamics, even in sedated and paralyzed patients. .

Hematoma extradural supra e infratentorial / Supra and infratentorial extradural hematoma

OBJETIVO: Os autores apresentam uma série de casos de hematoma extradural da fossa posterior (HEDFP) com expansão supratentorial. MÉTODOS: O presente trabalho é retrospectivo e descritivo. Foram analisados 14 pacientes com HEDFP de apresentação mista. RESULTADOS: Dos 14 pacientes, 12 são do gênero masculino e dois, do feminino. A média das idades foi de 26,2 anos. Acidente de trânsito foi a principal causa, seguida de queda acidental e agressão física. Escore na escala de coma de Glasgow variou entre 8 e 14. Cefaleia e vômitos foram os principais achados clínicos. Exame de RX simples de crânio demonstrou traço de fratura em 80% (8/10) dos casos. Tomografia de crânio demonstrou traço de fratura e hematoma extradural mista em todos os pacientes e ressonância magnética em um caso. Cirurgia foi realizada em 12 e tratamento conservador em dois. Dois pacientes foram a óbito. CONCLUSÃO: Na presença de fratura no osso occipital, deve-se suspeitar de HEDFP de forma mista. Exames de imagens são importantes no diagnóstico e conduta.

OBJECTIVE: The authors present a case series of HEDFP with supratentorial expansion. METHODS: This study is retrospective and descriptive. We analyzed 14 patients with HEDFP presentation mixed. RESULTS: Of 14 patients, 12 males and two females. Mean age was 26.2 years. Traffic accidents were the leading cause, followed by accidental fall and assault. Score on the Glasgow coma scale ranged between 8 and 14. Headache and vomiting were the main clinical findings. Examination showed RX plain skull fracture line in 80% (8/10) of cases. Cranial CT scan showed the fracture line and epidural hematoma mixed in all patients and magnetic resonance one case. Surgery was performed in 12 and conservative in two. Two patients died. CONCLUSION: In the presence of occipital bone fracture should be suspected HEDFP mixed basis. Imaging techniques are important for diagnosis and management.

Ressuscitação no trauma / Trauma resuscitation

Este texto aborda a avaliação inicial e o manejo sistematizado da criança vítima de trauma, assim comoas particularidades da ressuscitação no trauma crânio-encefálico.

This paper discusses the initial assessment and systematic management of the pediatric trauma victim,as well as the peculiarities of resuscitation of head injured children.

Traumatismo encefalocraneano en el deporte: evaluación y manejo a partir del karate deportivo juvenil / Head injury in sports: evaluation and management of sport karate from young people

Este trabajo revisa la definición de conmoción cerebral asociada al deporte y sus posibles complicaciones. Se muestra el perfil de lesiones del XX Campeonato Panamericano Juvenil de karate, especialmente la frecuencia de traumatismo encéfalo craneano (TEC). Finalmente propone un protocolo de evaluación precompetitiva, examen neurológico en el área de competición y normas para el reintegro a la actividad deportiva post TEC.

This work reviews the definition of sport concussion and it’s complications. The injury profile of the XX Panamerican Karate Junior Championship, especially frequency of head trauma is shown. Finally proposes a protocol of precompetitive evaluation, a neurological exam in the competition area and rules of eincorporation to sport activity after concussion.

Revisión sobre el manejo del trauma cráneo encefálico en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Emergentes: Matanzas / Review on the management of the crania-encephalic trauma in the Unit of Emergency Intensive Care: Matanzas

El paciente politraumatizado es uno de los problemas más graves a los que se enfrenta la sociedad moderna, al tiempo que constituye la cuarta causa de muerte de manera general, solo superado por las enfermedades cardiovasculares, neoplásicas y cerebrovasculares. Asimismo, es la primera entidad causal de mortalidad, en una población con una edad media inferior a los 45 años. Su principal causa son los accidentes de tránsito, que al asociarse con la ingestión de bebidas alcohólicas y otros factores de riesgo como el exceso de velocidad en la conducción de vehículos motores, la inobservancia de las leyes del tránsito, aumentan el daño, duplicando el riesgo de accidentes; aunque se conoce los medios de prevenirlos en numerosas ocasiones, estos no se aplican correctamente. El aporte de esta revisión, hace centrar la atención en las acciones que deben integrarse de manera sistémica para desarrollar una estrategia organizativa que influya positivamente en la atención del paciente politraumatizado en la provincia

The politrauma patient is one of the most serious problems faced by the modern society, at the time that it is the fourth cause of death in general, overcame only by cerebra-vascular, neoplastic and cardiovascular diseases. It is also the first entity causing mortality in a population with a media age less than 45 years. Their main cause are traffic accidents that when associated with the ingestion of alcoholic drinks and other risk facts such excess of speed when driving cars, the neglect of the traffic laws, increase the damage, duplicating the risk of accidents; although the means of preventing them are known, they are not correctly applied. The contribution of this review leads to center the attention in the actions that should be integrated in a systemic way to develop an organizational strategy that positive influences the attention of the politrauma patient in the province

Manejo inicial del paciente con trauma craneoencefálico e hipertensión endocraneana aguda: [revisión] / Initial care of patients with head trauma and acute cranial hypertension: [review]

El traumatismo encéfalo-craneano (TEC) es una causa frecuente de morbi-mortalidad en nuestro medio y la alta incidencia de accidentes de tránsito elevan la frecuencia de presentación de esta enfermedad. Es importante tener en cuenta la terapéutica inicial para estabilizar al paciente la que incluye el manejo de la vía aérea, estabilización hemodinámica, terapéutica inicial de la hipertensión endocraneana (HIC), sedación y analgesia, uso de anticonvulsivantes y profilaxis de eventos tromboembólicos venosos; evitando las complicaciones secundarias y mejorando el pronóstico de la enfermedad.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in our cities, and the high incidence of traffic accidents raise the frequency of occurrence of this condition. It is important to take into account the initial treatment for stabilizing patients, including airway management, hemodynamic stabilization, initial treatment of intracranial hypertension (ICH), sedation and analgesia, anticonvulsant use, and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolic events, avoiding secondary complications and improving the prognosis of this condition.

Correlação entre a escala de coma de Glasgow e os achados de imagem de tomografia computadorizada em pacientes vítimas de traumatismo cranioencefálico / Correlation between the Glasgow Coma Scale and computed tomography imaging findings in patients with traumatic brain injury

OBJETIVO: Determinar a correlação da escala de coma de Glasgow, fatores causais e de risco, idade, sexo e intubação orotraqueal com os achados tomográficos em pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal prospectivo de 102 pacientes, atendidos nas primeiras 12 horas, os quais receberam pontuação segundo a escala de coma de Glasgow e foram submetidos a exame tomográfico. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 37,77 ± 18,69 anos, com predomínio do sexo masculino (80,4 por cento). As causas foram: acidente automobilístico (52,9 por cento), queda de outro nível (20,6 por cento), atropelamento (10,8 por cento), queda ao solo ou do mesmo nível (7,8 por cento) e agressão (6,9 por cento). No presente estudo, 82,4 por cento dos pacientes apresentaram traumatismo cranioencefálico de classificação leve, 2,0 por cento moderado e 15,6 por cento grave. Foram observadas alterações tomográficas (hematoma subgaleal, fraturas ósseas da calota craniana, hemorragia subaracnoidea, contusão cerebral, coleção sanguínea extra-axial, edema cerebral difuso) em 79,42 por cento dos pacientes. Os achados tomográficos de trauma craniano grave ocorreram em maior número em pacientes acima de 50 anos (93,7 por cento), e neste grupo todos necessitaram de intubação orotraqueal. CONCLUSÃO: Houve significância estatística entre a escala de coma de Glasgow, idade acima de 50 anos (p < 0,0001), necessidade de intubação orotraqueal (p < 0,0001) e os achados tomográficos.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the correlation between the Glasgow Coma Scale, risk factors, age, sex and tracheal intubation with the cranial computed tomographic findings in patients with traumatic brain injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, cross sectional study was developed with 102 patients who were given a Glasgow coma score and submitted to computed tomography at the first 12 hours following admission. RESULTS: The mean age of the entire series was 37.77 ± 18.69 years, with prevalence of male patients (80.4 percent). The most common causes of head injury were: automobile accidents (52.9 percent), falls (20.6 percent), pedestrian injuries (10.8 percent), falls to the ground (7.8 percent) and aggression (6.9 percent). In the present study, 82.4 percent of patients had traumatic brain injury rated as mild, 2.0 percent as moderate and 15.6 percent as severe. Tomographic findings such as subgaleal hematoma, skull fractures, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral contusion, extra-axial blood collection and diffuse cerebral edema were observed in 79.42 percent of the patients. Most of the findings of severe traumatic brain injury were observed in the patients above 50 years (93.7 percent) and in this group, all the patients required tracheal intubation. CONCLUSION: Statistical significance was observed in the correlation between the Glasgow Coma Scale, age > 50 years (p < 0.0001), need for tracheal intubation (p < 0.0001) and CT findings.

Condutas no paciente com trauma cranioencefálico: [revisão] / Managements in patients with traumatic brain injury: [review]

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Definir e atualizar protocolos de atendimento a vítimas de trauma cranioencefálico (TCE) na emergência médica, visando o diagnóstico e tratamento precoce.Há aumento do interesse em se definir protocolos e condutas de atendimento para vítimas de TCE, visando não somente ocontrole e estabilização da pressão intracraniana (PIC) e da pressão de perfusão cerebral (PPC), mas também de todos os outros parâmetros de suporte hemodinâmico adequado ao paciente com TCE, visando a redução de complicações pós-trauma e na taxa demortalidade. CONTEÚDO: O TCE tem grande impacto na saúde da população em geral, tendo notória importância tanto na morbidade quanto na mortalidade no trauma, representando aproximadamente 15% a 20% das mortes em pessoas com idade entre 5 e 35 anos e é responsável por 1% de todas as mortes em adultos. Nos Estados Unidos são admitidos por ano, mais de 250 mil pacientes com traumatismo craniano, e a cada ano ocorre óbito de aproximadamente 60 mil pacientes decorrente deste tipo de trauma. Aproximadamente 60% dos pacientes que sobrevivem a traumas cranianos têm sequelas significativas como déficit motor e cognitivo, trazendo grande impacto socioeconômico e emocional aos pacientes e seus familiares. As opções terapêuticas disponíveis na maioria das vezes como a hipotermia, manutenção da glicemia, hiperventilação, quando empregadas de forma correta melhoram o prognóstico dos pacientes com TCE. Considerando os altos gastos em saúde e para a sociedade com sua alta mortalidade, é preciso cada vez mais investigar novas formas de tratamento e elaborar protocolos e revisões sobre TCE, visando condutas diretas e concisas no trauma cranioencefálico. CONCLUSÃO: O TCE é uma situação comum no cotidiano médico, sendo responsável por altas taxas de mortalidade e morbidade em todo o mundo...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Define and update treatment protocols for victims of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in medical emergencies, for the diagnosis and early treatment. There is an increased interest in defining protocols and practicesof care for victims of head trauma, aiming not only the controland stabilization of the intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), but also all other parameters appropriate hemodynamic support for patients with TBI, aimed at reducing complications after trauma and the mortality rate. CONTENTS: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has great impact on population health in general, with notable importance in morbidity and in mortality in trauma, representing approximately 15% to 20% of deaths in people aged between 5 and 35 years and is responsible for 1% of all deaths in adults. In the United States are admitted per year, more than 250.000 patients withhead injury, and death occurs every year approximately 60.000 patients induced by this trauma. Approximately 60% of patients who survive head injuries have significant sequelae such as motorand cognitive deficits, bringing great socioeconomic and emotional impact on patients and their families. The therapeutic options available in most cases as hypothermia, maintaining glucose levels, hyperventilation, when used correctly improve the prognosis of patients with TBI. Considering the numerous health expenditures and to society with its high mortality, we must increasingly explore new ways of treatment and develop protocolsand reviews about TBI, direct and concise in order to conductthe head injury, minimizing the time spent on patient care. CONCLUSION: TBI is a common situation in daily practice, isresponsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide...

Prise en charge neurochirurgicale des traumatismes crâniens à Parakou, Bénin : apport de la radiographie standard

Objectif : Rapporter l'apport de la radiographie standard du crâne dans la prise en charge chirurgicale des traumatismes crânio-encéphaliques (TCE) au bénin. Méthodes : Etude descriptive réalisée à l'unité de neurochirurgie du CHD-Borgou au nord-est du Bénin. Elle concernait 29 cas de TCE tous opérés entre Avril 2008 et Juin 2009 sur des critères cliniques et radiographiques. Résultats : L'âge moyen des patients était de 23,46 ± 14,28 ans avec une prédominance masculine (93,10%). Neuf patients (31%) présentaient un TCE grave, 15 (51,8%) un TCE modéré et 5 (17,2%) un TCE léger. La radiographie du crâne objectivait une embarrure chez 17 (58,6%) patients, une fracture de la voûte chez 7 (24,2%) et aucune lésion dans 5(17,2%) cas. IL a été réalisé une réparation de plaie crânio-cérébrale 3(10,3%) cas, une évacuation d'hématome extra dural 4(13,8%) cas, une trépanation exploratrice 5 (17,2%) cas et un redressement d'embarrure 17 (58,6%) cas auquel était associé 3 évacuations d'hématome extra dural, 3 réparations de brèche ostéoméningée et 4 débridements et duroplasties. Conclusion : La radiographie du crâne ne peut pallier au défaut de scanner cérébral en cas de TCE. Elle peut néanmoins apporter de précieuses informations permettant une prise en charge chirurgicale